Composting is the biological decomposition of organic matter under controlled conditions brought about by the growth of microorganisms and
invertebrates. While decomposition occurs naturally, it can be accelerated and improved by human
intervention. Composting stabilizes organic matter, yielding an end product that contains humus, and has
a uniform crumbly texture. An understanding of the composting process is important for producing a
high-quality product and preventing operating problems. Figure 1 illustrates the basic composting
process. The microorganisms and invertebrates that decompose manure and other farm wastes require oxygen and water, and produce compost, carbon
dioxide, heat and water. The organic wastes provide nutrients (nitrogen and carbon) necessary for
microorganisms to carry out decomposition efficiently.